When jumping into infectious disease research one typically has a formulated idea of what will be found, but surprisingly I was shocked by the known, but hidden data surrounding Polio. I also walk into this with a good understanding of the interplay between the leaky gut and the brain, it seems to be relevant to polio. This resource data will describe the disease, the corresponding vaccines, their ingredients, the known adverse events, the reports to VAERS, and will be wrapped up with some enlightening data that is rarely discussed in science and medicine.
Poliomyelitis Overview
Poliomyelitis may present in three forms; sub-clinical infections, non-paralytic and paralytic. This virus can spread through direct person-to-person contact with infected mucus or phlegm from the mouth or nose, and contact with infected feces, which classifies it as an enterovirus. Once the virus enters the gastrointestinal tract it will multiply and can enter the blood and lymphatic system. It takes 7 – 14 days for an infected individual to develop symptoms that can last up to 2 weeks.
If the virus is contained within the digestive tract individuals may only have flu like symptoms, but if the virus spreads to the bloodstream due to a "leaky gut" individuals might present with non-paralytic and paralytic poliomyelitis, which are forms that affect the brain and spinal cord. Some symptoms might include back stiffness, muscle weakness, lack of muscular control, and abnormal reflexes. The treatment for poliomyelitis focuses on palliative care, physical therapy, and sometimes antibiotics are necessary. Polio’s impact on the central nervous system typically has the greatest influence on the respiratory system, which is due to the weakened diaphragm. The disease has the potential to cripple the individual and in rare cases the infection can be fatal.
Individuals who were previously infected might be diagnosed with post-polio syndrome, which can present 30+ years after the initial infection. Post-polio syndrome will include symptoms like muscle weakness in the affected areas, but may also include new areas.
If the virus is contained within the digestive tract individuals may only have flu like symptoms, but if the virus spreads to the bloodstream due to a "leaky gut" individuals might present with non-paralytic and paralytic poliomyelitis, which are forms that affect the brain and spinal cord. Some symptoms might include back stiffness, muscle weakness, lack of muscular control, and abnormal reflexes. The treatment for poliomyelitis focuses on palliative care, physical therapy, and sometimes antibiotics are necessary. Polio’s impact on the central nervous system typically has the greatest influence on the respiratory system, which is due to the weakened diaphragm. The disease has the potential to cripple the individual and in rare cases the infection can be fatal.
Individuals who were previously infected might be diagnosed with post-polio syndrome, which can present 30+ years after the initial infection. Post-polio syndrome will include symptoms like muscle weakness in the affected areas, but may also include new areas.
Polio Statistics
According to the CDC, of the infected individuals 72% will have no symptoms. 24% will have minor symptoms. Fewer than 1% of the infected will have “permanent paralysis”, and out of those individuals 5-10% will have a fatal outcome (CDC, 2011). The CDC further clarifies, “The last case of wild-virus polio acquired in the United States was in 1979”, so cases following that date are vaccine derived (CDC, 2012).
Polio Vaccine
The first polio vaccines marketed to the population were called Salk and Sabin. Albert Sabin created the oral polio vaccine (OPV) in 1957, which contained the live polio virus and was licensed in 1961. Jonas Salk created the inactivated polio virus vaccine (IPV), which was made with the killed-virus and licensed in 1955. Dr. Hilary Koprowski produced a version of the OPV called CHAT, which never gained FDA approval. The OPV was typically administered once it became licensed until the year 2000, now it is no longer used in the U.S. but is widely distributed throughout the rest of the developing world. Currently the CDC recommends 4 doses of the IPV before the age of 6, which supposedly will provide livelong immunity from polio.
How is the vaccine made?
The IPV contains three types of poliovirus; Mahoney, MEF-1, and Saukett. All three of the viral strains are cultivated from the kidneys of African green monkeys. Other ingredients include; Eagle MEM modified medium, newborn calf serum protein, M-199, phenoxyethanol, formaldehyde, neomycin, streptomycin, and polymyxin B.
The VACCIN OPV contains two types of poliovirus; LS c2ab, and Leon 12alb strain. These polio strains are also cultivated from the kidneys of African green monkeys. Other ingredients include; Human albumin, HEPES buffer solution, and magnesium chloride solution (containing polysorbate 80 and phenol red).
The OPVERO OPV contains two types of poliovirus; P 712, Ch, 2ab strain and Leon 12alb strain. These polio strains are also cultivated from the kidneys of African green monkeys. Other ingredients include; Human albumin, HEPES buffer solution, magnesium chloride solution (containing polysorbate 80 and phenol red), and hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide for pH adjustment
How is the vaccine made?
The IPV contains three types of poliovirus; Mahoney, MEF-1, and Saukett. All three of the viral strains are cultivated from the kidneys of African green monkeys. Other ingredients include; Eagle MEM modified medium, newborn calf serum protein, M-199, phenoxyethanol, formaldehyde, neomycin, streptomycin, and polymyxin B.
The VACCIN OPV contains two types of poliovirus; LS c2ab, and Leon 12alb strain. These polio strains are also cultivated from the kidneys of African green monkeys. Other ingredients include; Human albumin, HEPES buffer solution, and magnesium chloride solution (containing polysorbate 80 and phenol red).
The OPVERO OPV contains two types of poliovirus; P 712, Ch, 2ab strain and Leon 12alb strain. These polio strains are also cultivated from the kidneys of African green monkeys. Other ingredients include; Human albumin, HEPES buffer solution, magnesium chloride solution (containing polysorbate 80 and phenol red), and hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide for pH adjustment
Vaccine Risks
Admitted Adverse Events From The Mainstream Medical Community
According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human services (HRSA), the polio vaccine(s) can cause, “Paralytic Polio, acute complication or sequela, anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock, death, disability, and injury” (HRSA, n.d.).
If you read the product inserts by Sanofi Pasteur and GlaxoSmithKline they state their product could produce; fever, seizures, inconsolable crying, Guillain-Barre Syndrome, anaphylactic reaction, brachial neuritis, demyelinating diseases of the CNS, peripheral mononeuropathy, cranial mononeuropathy, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, thrombocytopenia, angioedema, encephalopathy, hypotonic-hypoesponsive episode, asthenia, lethargy, malaise, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, edema, lymphadenopathy, thrombocytopenia, jaundice, liver function tests abnormal, arthralgia, convulsions, somnolence, parasthesia, paresis, neuritis, myelitis, post vaccination paralysis and rash.
Research On Polio Adverse Events
Non-polio acute flaccid paralysis (NPAFP); “In 2011, there were an extra 47,500 new cases of NPAFP. Clinically indistinguishable from polio paralysis but twice as deadly, the incidence of NPAFP was directly proportional to doses of oral polio received” (Vashisht, N., Puliyel, J., 2012).
Researchers have known that the injections of other vaccines contribute to paralysis stating;
According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human services (HRSA), the polio vaccine(s) can cause, “Paralytic Polio, acute complication or sequela, anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock, death, disability, and injury” (HRSA, n.d.).
If you read the product inserts by Sanofi Pasteur and GlaxoSmithKline they state their product could produce; fever, seizures, inconsolable crying, Guillain-Barre Syndrome, anaphylactic reaction, brachial neuritis, demyelinating diseases of the CNS, peripheral mononeuropathy, cranial mononeuropathy, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, thrombocytopenia, angioedema, encephalopathy, hypotonic-hypoesponsive episode, asthenia, lethargy, malaise, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, edema, lymphadenopathy, thrombocytopenia, jaundice, liver function tests abnormal, arthralgia, convulsions, somnolence, parasthesia, paresis, neuritis, myelitis, post vaccination paralysis and rash.
Research On Polio Adverse Events
Non-polio acute flaccid paralysis (NPAFP); “In 2011, there were an extra 47,500 new cases of NPAFP. Clinically indistinguishable from polio paralysis but twice as deadly, the incidence of NPAFP was directly proportional to doses of oral polio received” (Vashisht, N., Puliyel, J., 2012).
Researchers have known that the injections of other vaccines contribute to paralysis stating;
A relationship was shown to exist between site of injection and site of paralysis in children injected no more than a month before onset of poliomyelitis with diphtheria toxoid, pertussis vaccine, or tetanus toxoid, or any combination of the three (Greenberg et al, 1952).
Scientists have often described this association as “provocation poliomyelitis” caused by “retrograde axonal transport”.
Further, the oral polio contains the live virus, which as been associated with a " possible pathogenetic mechanism in autistic disorder" (Lintas et al., 2010). Remembering again that poliomyelitis is an enterovirus that typically is benign if the virus is contained withing the digestive tract. But, as we see in many autistic patients leaky gut is present creating a pathway for the microbe to enter the bloodstream thereby the central nervous system (CNS). Viral pathogens in the CNS creates encephalopathy breaking down the neural connections creating symptoms of autism.
Vaccine Ingredient: Formaldehyde
In one study Wu et al described formaldehyde as being a "key risk factor for the rise in asthma cases" (Wu et al., 2013). Weisskopf et al associated formaldehyde exposure with an increased risk of ALS (Weisskopf et al., 2009). In another study by the National Cancer Institute found;
Formaldehyde has been classified as a known human carcinogen (cancer causing substance) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer and as a probable human carcinogen by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Research studies of workers exposed to formaldehyde have suggested an association between formaldehyde exposure and several cancers, including nasopharyngeal cancer and leukemia (National Cancer Institute, 2011).
Formaldehyde is injected via IPV at 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, and 4 years of age.
Vaccine Ingredient: Polysorbate 80 or Tween 80
In animal studies Polysorbate 80 causes infertility (Gajdova et al., 1993). Fertility impairing vaccines have been a patented technology since 1999 (PCT/US1998/027658, 1999). A closer look at the fertility impairing patent one can read;
Typically, the vaccine is prepared using an adjuvant concentrate which contains lecithin (about 5% to about 15 % wt/vol, preferably about 12% wt /vol) and STDCM (preferably about 25 mg/mL to about 50 mg mL) in squalene oil. The term % wt/vol means grams per 100 mL of liquid. The aqueous solution containing the isolated pZP glycoprotein is typically a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution, and additionally preferably contains Tween 80 (about 0.2% vol/vol to about 0.8% vol/vol, preferably about 0.4% vol/vol) (PCT/US1998/027658, 1999).
The OPV is no longer used in the U.S. but is typically administered in Africa and other developing countries, where there seems to be overt action to decrease their population as stated many times by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 2012).
Salk Commentary On The Polio Vaccine
Live virus vaccines against influenza and paralytic polio, for example, may in each instance cause the disease it is intended to prevent... Dr Jonas Salk, developer of first polio vaccine (Salk, J., Salk, D., 1977)
Vaccine Affects In Other Countries
If you read the product inserts the OPV manufactures contraindicates that children who are in contact with immunosuppressed family members or other individuals should not be vaccinated with OPV. "Almost 70% of people living with HIV worldwide live in sub-Saharan Africa" (AVERT, 2013). This vaccine that contains known sterilizing agents and without question spreads non-polio acute flaccid paralysis (NPAFP) is pushed on children throughout India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and many other countries within Africa. There is little wonder why the efforts of the United States are mistrusted with the wake of devastation that these campaigns bring.
Example:
Example:
Polio Vaccines Causing Deaths & Disabilities In Pakistan
Islamabad: A government inquiry has found that polio vaccines for infants funded by the Global Alliance for Vaccination and Immunisation (Gates Foundation) are causing deaths and disabilities in regional countries including Pakistan (Rana, S., 2011).
1200% Increase Of Non-Polio Acute Flaccid Paralysis Since OPV Was Introduced To India
Dr. Neetu Vashisht and Dr. Jacob Puliyel of St. Stephens Hospital crated the report analyzing data from India's 10-year-old National Polio Surveillance Project, which is available online. Their findings, which were published in the Indian Journal of medical Ethics, revealed that rates of non-polio acute flaccid paralysis (NPAFP) have increase 1200% since the oral polio vaccine was introduced to India a decade ago (Freeman, E., 2012).
600 Children Die Following Polio Vaccination: Africa
At the main hospital in Mbarara during the month of 1977 more than 600 children had died following polio vaccination. 600 children! So even some of the timid medical practitioners who were initially afraid to come out, started coming out giving information and saying 'Oh, we knew this oral polio vaccine was trouble because as soon as the child receives it, they get a temperature and their health goes downhill and there is nothing that you could do.' The oral polio vaccine in Uganda, Northern Tanzania, Rwands, Burundi, Congo and part of Kenya has become a hotly contested debate. Thousands of people, during the National Immunization Days in the months of July and September, go into the bush ans stay there for weeks. The army and police move house to house looking for children to vaccinate. At the same time, things that kill children like malaria, cholera, issues of stunted growth, sanitation, are completely untackled. (Kihura Nkuba, 2002).
120 Arrested For Refusing Polio Vaccine In Niger
BARELY one week after Niger State Government threatened to jail anybody who refused to allow polio vaccine to be administered on his or her child, 120 persons have been arrested for contravening the directive.
The Director of the State Primary Health Care Development Agency, Dr. Shehu Yabagi, who disclosed this to newsmen in Minna on Tuesday, said among the arrested persons were those who had consistently opposed the polio vaccine immunisation exercise in the state.
He pointed out that the persons were arrested at various locations in the state by the police as the agency sought to enforce the law that forbids rejection of the polio vaccine. (Opara, E., 2013).
Reports To The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS)
If you follow the reports made to VAERS you see that the IPV, and OPV is associated with adverse events affecting every body system. Some of the reports include; nuchal rigidity, delirium, hypokinesia, hypotonia, bradycardia, convulsion, peripheral neuropathy, dementia, Guillain-Barre syndrome, encephalitis, encephalopathy, meningitis, death etc... VAERS is a passive reporting system and the only vaccine surveillance system in the United States. All the adverse events reported to VAERS that the U.S. health authority or vaccine promoters find uncomfortable are simply waved away as unreliable. But VAERS is used quite reputably in other situations like the Haber et al study that found a signal of intussusception after exposure to the rotavirus vaccine (Haber et al., 2013). Chen et al produced a study, which analyzed the reporting to VAERS, and found that it plays an "important role in helping to monitor vaccine safety" (Chen et al., 1994). Even though vaccine promoters will point out that VEARS is guilty of erroneous reporting when they are faced with uncomfortable adverse events, it is well documented that the main flaw to the VAERS surveillance is "significant underreporting" (Rosenthal et al., 1995).
61,444 events reported from the vaccine (IPV, and OPV) from 1989 to 2013. 90.58% were children under the age of 6 (MedAlerts, 2013).
1,269 Life Threatening 90.94% under the age of 6
23,446 ER Visit 92.61% under the age of 6
4,639 Hospitalized 87.75% under the age of 6
53 Extended Hospital Stay 81.13% under the age of 6
330 Disabled 80.61% under the age of 6
1348 Died 95.1% under the age of 3
61,444 events reported from the vaccine (IPV, and OPV) from 1989 to 2013. 90.58% were children under the age of 6 (MedAlerts, 2013).
1,269 Life Threatening 90.94% under the age of 6
23,446 ER Visit 92.61% under the age of 6
4,639 Hospitalized 87.75% under the age of 6
53 Extended Hospital Stay 81.13% under the age of 6
330 Disabled 80.61% under the age of 6
1348 Died 95.1% under the age of 3
Challenge A Microbe Change The Disease
Unleashing a live virus via vaccine in the population has the potential to cause disease in itself and unfortunately can also create a pathogenesis creating a mutated wild viral strain. When immunodeficient individuals are vaccinated with live viral strains they are ineffective in mounting an adequate defense. The virus will survive and colonize then spread to the population mixing with the wild virus creating a mutated strain of poliomyelitis (Furione et al., 1993; Landaverde et al., 2001). This new mutated strain can then infect entire populations.
Changing The Diagnostic Criteria
Prior to 1955 polio, aseptic/viral meningitis and Coxsackie virus were all diagnosed as polio, after 1955 these viral infections were recorded separately. During a 1962 Congressional Hearing Dr. Bernard Greenberg biostatistician and department head for the University of North Carolina testified that the Department of Public Health Service manipulated polio statistics to give the impression that the vaccine caused the infection to decline, when in fact the opposite was true (Greenberg, B., 1962). He further describes that there was an financial incentive to lump all these diagnosis as polio prior to 1955 because the patient would receive subsidized hospital care (Greensberg, B., 1962). Paralytic polio was also redefined in 1955, which prior to the mandated vaccine individuals who showed paralysis for a minimum of 24 hours would be diagnosed with paralytic polio. After 1955 an individual had to show paralysis for 60 days to get the same diagnosis (Greenberg, B., 1962). We still see aseptic meningitis and non-paralytic polio used interchangeably in prominent articles associated with polio (The Nemours Foundation, 2013). Currently in the U.S. there are 10,000 cases of aseptic/viral meningitis diagnosed yearly, which previously would be diagnosed as polio prior to 1955. According to a Medscape article “the actual incidence may be as high as 75,000” (Wan, C., 2013).
In the same Congressional Hearing the Representatives discussed that in 1959 77.5% of paralytic polio victims had received 3 doses of oral polio vaccine (OPV) in Massachusetts (Greenberg, B., 1962 pg. 94). The U.S. discontinued use of OPV due to its known contribution to causing paralytic polio in 2000 (de Oliveira, L., Struchiner, C., 2000).
In the same Congressional Hearing the Representatives discussed that in 1959 77.5% of paralytic polio victims had received 3 doses of oral polio vaccine (OPV) in Massachusetts (Greenberg, B., 1962 pg. 94). The U.S. discontinued use of OPV due to its known contribution to causing paralytic polio in 2000 (de Oliveira, L., Struchiner, C., 2000).
MV Polio Strain Escape From Rockefeller Labs, New York
The first real spike (1916) in polio occurred in a New York City population in the same area where Rockefeller Labs conducted work in creating polio-virus. This conclusion was documented by Wyatt et al in "The Open Vaccine Journal" stating;
However it is a remarkable coincidence that a unique neurotropic strain of poliovirus was developed a few miles from an epidemic caused by a uniquely pathogenic strain of the virus. My theory would not be proved even if it could be shown that a Rockefeller worker had lived in Brooklyn. Nevertheless such an extraordinary epidemic requires an extraordinary explanation: it is the only suggestion to be offered so far. Correct or not, it provides a powerful message for everyone who works with pathogens (Wyatt, H., 2011).
Graph Credit (Humphries, S., 2013)
Today's Monsanto... Yesterday's DDT ~ Poliomyelitis
Children running behind a DDT truck in the mid 1950's (Foster, M., 2011)
This idea of the interchange between viruses, the autoimmune system, and environmental factors has not been well studied until recently. The term "leaky gut" is a common term in the autism community because many parents (myself included) have been fighting gastrointestinal disease along with neurological pathology since the beginning of the diagnosis. There are several known causes that make the digestive tract permeable and susceptible to leak viruses, toxins, gluten etc into the bloodstream triggering a cascade of negative outcomes. An individuals diet, certain medications, infections, hormone imbalances, autoimmune conditions, industrial food processing, and environmental toxins are all known to cause inflammation in the digestive track creating a leaky gut. Poliomylitis traveling through a healthy gastrointestinal tract will only present with sub-clinical findings, and is considered harmless. It is only when you have the combination of a permeable intestinal lining along with the virus that causes the more serious symptoms associated with the infection.
Children sprayed with DDT while swimming (Sarkett, F., 2011)
Polio would present in the summer and leave during the colder months, so keeping that in mind with the multi-factorial pathophysiology of the disease process one can draw some conclusions. Even though Polio is described as the scourge of human kind, if you look at the trends in diagnosed cases that claim seems misguided. There was a dramatic increase in the trend of polio after 1890. So keeping that date in mind with how the infections present one can assume that environmental toxins during the industrial age greatly contributed to the rise in polio, which seems to be a man-made disease. The season is particularly interesting when thinking of what environmental toxin would be most assessable to the population during that time frame and very quickly one thinks of DDT and the invention of lead arsenate, both pesticides. Pesticide trucks would move through communities spraying their toxin several times a day starting in the spring and summer months, and children would be sprayed with pesticides at swimming pools, the timing correlates with the outbreaks. DDT poisoning is nearly identical to a polio diagnosis;
Acute gastroenteritis occurs, with nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea usually associated with extreme tenesmus. Coryza, cough and persistent sore throat are common, often followed by a persistent or recurrent feeling of constriction or a "lump" in the throat; occasionally the sensation of constriction extends substernally and to the back and may be associated with severe pain in either arm. Pain in the joints, generalized muscle weakness, apprehension and exhausting fatigue are usual; the latter are often so severe in the acute stage as to be described by some patients as "paralysis" (Biskind, M., 1949).
Graph Credit (Olmsted, D., Blaxill, M., 2011)
The connection between pesticide use and polio was associated at the beginning of the epidemic. As public concern grew the State Forester responded that in no way aerosol pesticide use was causal for the increase in polio. Other groups supported that claim, but they were all associated with its use and production, like the publication in Economic Entomology (Cooper, J., 1917). An interesting book regarding the political and financial elements that motivated the discontinued use of aerosal pesticides is titled "Silent Spring" by Rachel Carson. If you choose to further research this area of the polio epidemic that would be a good place to start. This book, which was published in 1962 is credited for the the ending of aerosal pesticide use and the start of the environmental movement.
Simian Virus 40 (SV40)
Simian Virus 40 made its way into both the Salk and Sabin polio vaccines through the cultivation of the infection using monkey kidney. The SV40 from the infected monkeys could not be separated from the polio strains. A National Institute of Health (NIH) researcher Dr. Bernice Eddy discovered the viral contaminant (SV40) in both the Salk and Sabin vaccines in 1959. She injected SV40 into hamsters then discovered this virus created tumor growth in those test animals (Eddy et al., 1962). Dr. Hilleman a Merck pharmaceutical scientist validated these findings in subsequent work (Hilleman, M., 1998). It became well known that the SV40 virus caused cancer in animal populations but many researchers continued to state that the virus posed no threat to the human population, even though their theory was never scientifically proven. In 2002 the Institute of Medicine (IOM) reviewed all the available data and found, "... the evidence was inadequate to conclude whether or not the contaminated polio vaccine caused cancer" (IOM, 2002). In their review they also address the amount of children exposed to the virus in the United States;
IPV administered between 1955 and 1963 to about 98 million children and adults is assumed to be the primary source of human exposure to SV40 in the United States. In addition, experimental lots of OPV contaminated with SV40 are known to have been administered to about 10,000 people participating in clinical trials between 1959 and 1961 (IOM, 2002, pg. 22).
In response to the concerns over the SV40 contaminated vaccines federal regulations were written in 1961 to scale back the exposure but they did not require the vaccine manufactures to pull the contaminated stock from the shelves, allowing continued exposure through 1963.
SV40 Presenting In Human Cancer Patients
The current understanding from pathologists and scientists who are discovering SV40 in the tumors of cancer patients determine that this "virus plays a role in tumor pathogenesis" (Shivapurkar et al., 2004). This virus has been found in brain tumors, bone cancers, mesotheliomas, lung cancer and most notably Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. As time goes on the implication of this exposure continues to be disconcerting regarding public health. One study found that children born after the exposure was eliminated have evidence of SV40 in their "tumors and normal tissues" (Butel et al., 1999). This could indicate the virus can be spread through person to person contact or by heritable DNA. Another disturbing finding documents that the cancerous tissues that contain SV40 do not respond to chemotherapy or radiation, which increases the mortality rate of the affected individuals. The U.S. health authority's reply to these findings remains stagnant, they continue to say they are monitoring the situation.
Here is a video of vaccine developer and SV40 researcher Dr. Maurice Hilleman discussing his experience with vaccine production, monkeys, SV40, and HIV.
SV40 Presenting In Human Cancer Patients
The current understanding from pathologists and scientists who are discovering SV40 in the tumors of cancer patients determine that this "virus plays a role in tumor pathogenesis" (Shivapurkar et al., 2004). This virus has been found in brain tumors, bone cancers, mesotheliomas, lung cancer and most notably Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. As time goes on the implication of this exposure continues to be disconcerting regarding public health. One study found that children born after the exposure was eliminated have evidence of SV40 in their "tumors and normal tissues" (Butel et al., 1999). This could indicate the virus can be spread through person to person contact or by heritable DNA. Another disturbing finding documents that the cancerous tissues that contain SV40 do not respond to chemotherapy or radiation, which increases the mortality rate of the affected individuals. The U.S. health authority's reply to these findings remains stagnant, they continue to say they are monitoring the situation.
Here is a video of vaccine developer and SV40 researcher Dr. Maurice Hilleman discussing his experience with vaccine production, monkeys, SV40, and HIV.
HIV Origin
In 1983 Dr. Luc Montagnier was credited with the discovery HIV. SIV in chimpanzees is thought to be the origin of HIV. In 1992 the article published in Rolling Stone titled "The Origin Of AIDS" by Tom Curtis linked AIDS to Koprowski's CHAT oral polio vaccine. He did this by tracking the polio campaign by Dr. Hilary Koprowski in the former Belgian Congo in the mid-1950s, which corresponded with the region where scientists classified as the beginning of the AIDS epidemic 1 year following Koprowski's campaign. Dr. Albert Sabin and Koprowski took their differing oral polio vaccines to populations outside the U.S. for human trials. In 1959 Dr. Sabin analyzed Koprowski's CHAT oral polio vaccine and criticized its formulation for having contaminated unknown viruses calling it an "unidentified cell-killing virus" (Sabin, A., 1959). It is theorized that the CHAT vaccine was manufactured in the Belgian Congo with chimpanzee's infected with SIV. The CHAT OPV was only administered in the Congo region where HIV first presented.
Due to the controversy and external pressure Rolling Stone pulled the article, but that did not kill the story. A journalist Edward Hooper from the U.K. picked up where Curtis left off and traveled to the Congo to gain further insight regarding the CHAT oral polio vaccine and HIV. He published is research linking the CHAT OPV to HIV in a book titled "The River A Journey Back To The Source Of HIV And AIDS". Koprowski denies using chimpanzees in his manufacturing process but footage from his lab clearly shows chimpanzees. Edward Hooper's claims were discredited when one vile from one lot of CHAT oral polio vaccine was tested and found to be HIV negative.
CBS News then picked up the story and traveled to the Belgian Congo where they interviewed the local workers operating the Koprowski laboratory. The lead scientist at that location was Paul Osterrieth and all of the local workers validated that only chimpanzees were used in the production of the CHAT oral polio vaccine. They also supplied photographs and videos that corroborated their testimony. Osterrieth published a reply to these accusations in the journal Vaccine denying those claims. CBS uncovered documents that list chimpanzee use in the development of the OPV, and Pierre Doupagne who was the chief technician that cultured tissue for Paul Osterrieth validated that those samples were from chimpanzees.
Here again we find contradictory reports, and the appearance that reputations are more important to maintain rather than transparent accounts of the production of the CHAD OPV.
Dr. Maurice Hilleman a Merck vaccine developer admitted that the African Green monkeys, which were used to cultivate the polio vaccine were also infected with AIDS;
Due to the controversy and external pressure Rolling Stone pulled the article, but that did not kill the story. A journalist Edward Hooper from the U.K. picked up where Curtis left off and traveled to the Congo to gain further insight regarding the CHAT oral polio vaccine and HIV. He published is research linking the CHAT OPV to HIV in a book titled "The River A Journey Back To The Source Of HIV And AIDS". Koprowski denies using chimpanzees in his manufacturing process but footage from his lab clearly shows chimpanzees. Edward Hooper's claims were discredited when one vile from one lot of CHAT oral polio vaccine was tested and found to be HIV negative.
CBS News then picked up the story and traveled to the Belgian Congo where they interviewed the local workers operating the Koprowski laboratory. The lead scientist at that location was Paul Osterrieth and all of the local workers validated that only chimpanzees were used in the production of the CHAT oral polio vaccine. They also supplied photographs and videos that corroborated their testimony. Osterrieth published a reply to these accusations in the journal Vaccine denying those claims. CBS uncovered documents that list chimpanzee use in the development of the OPV, and Pierre Doupagne who was the chief technician that cultured tissue for Paul Osterrieth validated that those samples were from chimpanzees.
Here again we find contradictory reports, and the appearance that reputations are more important to maintain rather than transparent accounts of the production of the CHAD OPV.
Dr. Maurice Hilleman a Merck vaccine developer admitted that the African Green monkeys, which were used to cultivate the polio vaccine were also infected with AIDS;
So I went down to see Bill Mann at the zoo in Washington DC and I told Bill Mann, I said "look, I got a problem and I don't know what the hell to do." Bill Mann is a real bright guy. I said that these lousy monkeys are picking it up while being stored in the airports in transit, loading, off loading. He said, very simply, you go ahead and get your monkeys out of West Africa and get the African Green, bring them into Madrid unload them there, there is no other traffic there for animals, fly them into Philadelphia and pick them up. Or fly them into New York and pick them up, right off the airplane. So we brought African Greens in and I didn't know we were importing the AIDS virus at the time.
Roosevelt
In 1921 at the age of 39 Franklin D. Roosevelt was diagnosed with paralytic poliomyelitis. Some scientists who have studied disease incidence in his age group in comparison with his symptoms believe that it was highly probably that FDR likely suffered from Guilain-Barre syndrome (Goldman et al., 2003). Even if you believe that Roosevelt had paralytic poliomyelitis there is a trail of events that show exposure to potential vectors and lead arsenate (Olmsted, D., Blaxill, M., 2011). Never the less Roosevelt became the motivation to cultivate a vaccine, which ultimately might have ushered in far more disease, affecting world populations.
In Closing
Originally I had the impression that polio was a dreaded disease that killed large populations, at least that is what the mainstream medical community presents to the public. This in fact, seems misguided when looking at the disease process, which seems to be facilitated by either a leaky gut and or needle sticks giving access to retrograde axonal transport. Like most viral attacks a healthy digestive system is adequate in protecting us from permanent injury or illness. I have deep concerns regarding the technology that produces polio vaccines and the gateway that has brought other devastating viruses that are now in circulation in our populations like HIV and SV40. I also find frustration in the lack of interest or fear of knowing from our government health authority that seems disassociated from the known harms triggered by this vaccine. I now have this impression particularly with the OPV as being a means to capitalize ill intended plans on developing nations, such as the Gates Foundations and forced sterilization (Tween 80). It does appear that there will never be any tragedy whether death from a disease, which ultimately was created by man, to be used as a form of profit and control.
References
AVERT. (2013). Africa HIV & AIDS statistics 2011. AVERTing HIV and AIDS. Retrieved from http://www.avert.org/africa-hiv-aids-statistics.htm
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. (2012). Family planning. Global Health Program. Retrieved from http://www.gatesfoundation.org/global-health/Documents/family-planning-strategy.pdf
Biskind M. (1949). DDT poisoning and the elusive "Virus X:" A new cause for gastroenteritis. Am J Dig Dis. Vol 16 Num 3. pg. 79-84. PMID: 18113629
Butel et al. (1999). Molecular evidence of simian virus 40 infections in children. J Infect Dis. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10438386
CDC. (2011). Polio disease in-short. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/polio/in-short-both.htm
CDC. (2012). Poliomyelitis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/polio.html
Chen et al. (1994). The vaccine adverse event reporting system (VAERS). Vaccine. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8036829
Cooper, J. (1917). Agricultural Experiment Station. Research Bulletin No. 10. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=D3dCAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA34&lpg=RA2-PA34&dq=economic+entomology+So+far+as+our+experiments+with+guinea+pigs+1917&source=bl&ots=IFfkgz_3sw&sig=jW2Hj3uu_Np6e29vLGQCbmYcC6I&hl=en&ei=lLFvTpqkB6PnsQK4rfDRCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&sqi=2&ved=0CBsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
de Oliveira, L., Struchiner, C. (2000). Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis: a retrospective cohort study of acute flaccid paralyses in Brazil. Int J Epidemiol. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10922356
Eddy et al. (1962). Identification of the oncogenic substance in rhesus monkey kidney cell culture as simian virus 40. Virology. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13889129
Foster, M. (2011). Running behind the DDT truck. Mimi Foster. Retrieved from http://www.cospringsrealestatenews.com/running-behind-the-ddt-truck/
Freeman, E. (2012). India: Paralysis cases soar after oral polio vaccine introduced. Digital Journal. Retrieved from http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/323371
Furione et al. (1993). Polioviruses with natural recombinant genomes isolated from vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis. Virology. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8102826
Gajdova et al. (1993). Delayed effects of neonatal exposure to Tween 80 on female reproductive organs in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8473002?dopt=Abstract
Goldman et al. (2003). What was the cause of Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s paralytic illness? J Med Biogr. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14562158
Greenberg, B. (1962). Hearings before the committee on interstate and foreign commerce. House of Representatives 87th Congress, 2 Session on HR 10541: 94-112
Greenberg et al. (1952). The relation between recent injections and paralytic poliomyelitis in children. Am J. Public Health Nations Health. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1525737/?page=11
HRSA. (n.d.). Vaccine injury table. Health Resources and Services Administration. Retrieved from http://www.hrsa.gov/vaccinecompensation/vaccinetable.html
Haber et al. (2013). Intussusception after rotavirus vaccines reported to US VAERS, 2006-2012. Pediatrics. Retrieved from http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2013/05/08/peds.2012-2554.abstract
Hilleman, M. (1998). Discovery of simian virus 40 (SV40) and its relationship to poliomyelitis virus vaccines. Dev Biol Stand. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9776239
IOM. (2002). Immunization safety review: SV40 contamination of polio vaccine and cancer. Institute of Medicine. Retrieved from http://www.iom.edu/reports/2002/immunization-safety-review-sv40-contamination-of-polio-vaccine-and-cancer.aspx
Kihura Nkuba. (2002). Transcript. Polio vaccine genocide in Uganda. Retrieved from http://whale.to/a/nkuba.htm
Landaverde et al. (2001). Poliomyelitis outbreak caused by vaccine-derived virus in Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Rev Panam Salud Publica. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11418973
Lintas, C. (2010). Association of autism with polyomavirus infection in postmortem brains. J Neurovirol. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20345322
MedAlerts. (2013). Search the VAERS Database. Retrieved from http://www.medalerts.org/vaersdb/index.php
National Cancer Institute. (2011). Formaldehyde and Cancer Risk. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved from http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/formaldehyde
Olmsted, D., Blaxill, M. (2011). The age of polio: How an old virus and new toxins triggered a man-made epidemic. Age of Autism. Retrieved from http://www.ageofautism.com/2011/09/the-age-of-polio-how-an-old-virus-and-new-toxins-triggered-a-man-made-epidemic-1.html
Opara, E. (2013). 120 arrested for refusing polio vaccine in Niger. Punch. Retrieved from http://www.punchng.com/news/120-arrested-for-refusing-polio-vaccine-in-niger/
PCT/US1998/027658. (1999). WO1999034825 fertility imparing vaccine and method of use. Patentscope. Retrieved from http://www.google.com/patents/WO1999034825A1
Post-Polio Health. (n.d.). Incidence rates of poliomyelitis in US. Post-Polio Health International. Retrieved from http://www.post-polio.org/ir-usa.html
Rana, S. (2011). Vaccine-nation: “Globally-supported company is funding fatal polio shots’”. The Express Tribune. Retrieved from http://tribune.com.pk/story/293191/vaccine-nation-globally-supported-company-is-funding-fatal-polio-shots/
Rosenthal et al. (1995). The reporting sensitivites of two passive surveillance systems for vaccine adverse events. Am J Public Health. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7503351?dopt=Abstract
Sabin, A. (1959). Present position of immunization against poliomyelitis with live virus vaccines. BMJ. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1993129/?page=12
Salk, J., Salk, D. (1977). Control of influenza and poliomyelitis with killed virus vaccines. Science. Retrieved from http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CC4QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fpromo.aaas.org%2Fkn_marketing%2Fpdfs%2FScience_1977_0304.pdf&ei=2AiWUrSrLsTwoAT5rICIDA&usg=AFQjCNH9w7Yr1Ni5sNNVkaZVYC8CmDRPgw&sig2=OyUXdIgAfK8_4GfBUMLsgw&bvm=bv.57155469,d.cGU&cad=rja
Sarkett, F. (2011). Nuclear risks in historical context. The Franc Report. Retrieved from http://thefranc.wordpress.com/2011/03/21/nuclear-risks-in-historical-context/
Shivapurkar et al. (2004). Presence of simian virus 40 DNA sequences in human lymphoid and hematopoietic malignancies and their relationship to aberrant promoter methylation of multiple genes. Cancer Res. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15172980?dopt=Abstract
The Nemours Foundation. (2013). Infections polio. KidsHealth. Retrieved from http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/bacterial_viral/polio.html#
Vashisht, N., Puliyel, J. (2012). Polio programme: let us declare victory and move on. Indian J Med Ethics. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22591873
Wan, C. (2013). Viral meningitis. Medscape. Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1168529-overview#a0156
Weisskopf, M., Morozova, N., O’Reilly E., McCullough, M., Calle, E., Thun, M., Ascherio, A. (2009). Prospective study of chemical exposures and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neruol Neurosurg Psychiatry. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19372290
Wu et al. (2013). Role of transient receptor potential ion channels and evoked levels of neuropeptides in a formaldehyde-induced model of asthma in BALB/c mice. PLoS One. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23671638
Wyatt, H. (2011). The 1916 New York epidemic of poliomyelitis: Where did the virus come from? The Open Vaccine Journal. Retrieved from http://search.yahoo.com/r/_ylt=A0SO80aCU5lSaxwAXFVXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTEzazA4NGQ2BHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDMQRjb2xvA2dxMQR2dGlkA1ZJUDI3NV8x/SIG=12kg5hkrf/EXP=1385808898/**http%3a//benthamscience.com/open/tovacj/articles/V004/13TOVACJ.pdf
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. (2012). Family planning. Global Health Program. Retrieved from http://www.gatesfoundation.org/global-health/Documents/family-planning-strategy.pdf
Biskind M. (1949). DDT poisoning and the elusive "Virus X:" A new cause for gastroenteritis. Am J Dig Dis. Vol 16 Num 3. pg. 79-84. PMID: 18113629
Butel et al. (1999). Molecular evidence of simian virus 40 infections in children. J Infect Dis. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10438386
CDC. (2011). Polio disease in-short. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/polio/in-short-both.htm
CDC. (2012). Poliomyelitis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/polio.html
Chen et al. (1994). The vaccine adverse event reporting system (VAERS). Vaccine. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8036829
Cooper, J. (1917). Agricultural Experiment Station. Research Bulletin No. 10. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=D3dCAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA34&lpg=RA2-PA34&dq=economic+entomology+So+far+as+our+experiments+with+guinea+pigs+1917&source=bl&ots=IFfkgz_3sw&sig=jW2Hj3uu_Np6e29vLGQCbmYcC6I&hl=en&ei=lLFvTpqkB6PnsQK4rfDRCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&sqi=2&ved=0CBsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
de Oliveira, L., Struchiner, C. (2000). Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis: a retrospective cohort study of acute flaccid paralyses in Brazil. Int J Epidemiol. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10922356
Eddy et al. (1962). Identification of the oncogenic substance in rhesus monkey kidney cell culture as simian virus 40. Virology. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13889129
Foster, M. (2011). Running behind the DDT truck. Mimi Foster. Retrieved from http://www.cospringsrealestatenews.com/running-behind-the-ddt-truck/
Freeman, E. (2012). India: Paralysis cases soar after oral polio vaccine introduced. Digital Journal. Retrieved from http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/323371
Furione et al. (1993). Polioviruses with natural recombinant genomes isolated from vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis. Virology. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8102826
Gajdova et al. (1993). Delayed effects of neonatal exposure to Tween 80 on female reproductive organs in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8473002?dopt=Abstract
Goldman et al. (2003). What was the cause of Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s paralytic illness? J Med Biogr. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14562158
Greenberg, B. (1962). Hearings before the committee on interstate and foreign commerce. House of Representatives 87th Congress, 2 Session on HR 10541: 94-112
Greenberg et al. (1952). The relation between recent injections and paralytic poliomyelitis in children. Am J. Public Health Nations Health. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1525737/?page=11
HRSA. (n.d.). Vaccine injury table. Health Resources and Services Administration. Retrieved from http://www.hrsa.gov/vaccinecompensation/vaccinetable.html
Haber et al. (2013). Intussusception after rotavirus vaccines reported to US VAERS, 2006-2012. Pediatrics. Retrieved from http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2013/05/08/peds.2012-2554.abstract
Hilleman, M. (1998). Discovery of simian virus 40 (SV40) and its relationship to poliomyelitis virus vaccines. Dev Biol Stand. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9776239
IOM. (2002). Immunization safety review: SV40 contamination of polio vaccine and cancer. Institute of Medicine. Retrieved from http://www.iom.edu/reports/2002/immunization-safety-review-sv40-contamination-of-polio-vaccine-and-cancer.aspx
Kihura Nkuba. (2002). Transcript. Polio vaccine genocide in Uganda. Retrieved from http://whale.to/a/nkuba.htm
Landaverde et al. (2001). Poliomyelitis outbreak caused by vaccine-derived virus in Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Rev Panam Salud Publica. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11418973
Lintas, C. (2010). Association of autism with polyomavirus infection in postmortem brains. J Neurovirol. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20345322
MedAlerts. (2013). Search the VAERS Database. Retrieved from http://www.medalerts.org/vaersdb/index.php
National Cancer Institute. (2011). Formaldehyde and Cancer Risk. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved from http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/formaldehyde
Olmsted, D., Blaxill, M. (2011). The age of polio: How an old virus and new toxins triggered a man-made epidemic. Age of Autism. Retrieved from http://www.ageofautism.com/2011/09/the-age-of-polio-how-an-old-virus-and-new-toxins-triggered-a-man-made-epidemic-1.html
Opara, E. (2013). 120 arrested for refusing polio vaccine in Niger. Punch. Retrieved from http://www.punchng.com/news/120-arrested-for-refusing-polio-vaccine-in-niger/
PCT/US1998/027658. (1999). WO1999034825 fertility imparing vaccine and method of use. Patentscope. Retrieved from http://www.google.com/patents/WO1999034825A1
Post-Polio Health. (n.d.). Incidence rates of poliomyelitis in US. Post-Polio Health International. Retrieved from http://www.post-polio.org/ir-usa.html
Rana, S. (2011). Vaccine-nation: “Globally-supported company is funding fatal polio shots’”. The Express Tribune. Retrieved from http://tribune.com.pk/story/293191/vaccine-nation-globally-supported-company-is-funding-fatal-polio-shots/
Rosenthal et al. (1995). The reporting sensitivites of two passive surveillance systems for vaccine adverse events. Am J Public Health. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7503351?dopt=Abstract
Sabin, A. (1959). Present position of immunization against poliomyelitis with live virus vaccines. BMJ. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1993129/?page=12
Salk, J., Salk, D. (1977). Control of influenza and poliomyelitis with killed virus vaccines. Science. Retrieved from http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CC4QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fpromo.aaas.org%2Fkn_marketing%2Fpdfs%2FScience_1977_0304.pdf&ei=2AiWUrSrLsTwoAT5rICIDA&usg=AFQjCNH9w7Yr1Ni5sNNVkaZVYC8CmDRPgw&sig2=OyUXdIgAfK8_4GfBUMLsgw&bvm=bv.57155469,d.cGU&cad=rja
Sarkett, F. (2011). Nuclear risks in historical context. The Franc Report. Retrieved from http://thefranc.wordpress.com/2011/03/21/nuclear-risks-in-historical-context/
Shivapurkar et al. (2004). Presence of simian virus 40 DNA sequences in human lymphoid and hematopoietic malignancies and their relationship to aberrant promoter methylation of multiple genes. Cancer Res. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15172980?dopt=Abstract
The Nemours Foundation. (2013). Infections polio. KidsHealth. Retrieved from http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/bacterial_viral/polio.html#
Vashisht, N., Puliyel, J. (2012). Polio programme: let us declare victory and move on. Indian J Med Ethics. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22591873
Wan, C. (2013). Viral meningitis. Medscape. Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1168529-overview#a0156
Weisskopf, M., Morozova, N., O’Reilly E., McCullough, M., Calle, E., Thun, M., Ascherio, A. (2009). Prospective study of chemical exposures and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neruol Neurosurg Psychiatry. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19372290
Wu et al. (2013). Role of transient receptor potential ion channels and evoked levels of neuropeptides in a formaldehyde-induced model of asthma in BALB/c mice. PLoS One. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23671638
Wyatt, H. (2011). The 1916 New York epidemic of poliomyelitis: Where did the virus come from? The Open Vaccine Journal. Retrieved from http://search.yahoo.com/r/_ylt=A0SO80aCU5lSaxwAXFVXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTEzazA4NGQ2BHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDMQRjb2xvA2dxMQR2dGlkA1ZJUDI3NV8x/SIG=12kg5hkrf/EXP=1385808898/**http%3a//benthamscience.com/open/tovacj/articles/V004/13TOVACJ.pdf
